Thank you. That paper I just mentioned:
"PEGylation of reduced graphene oxide induces toxicity in cells of the blood-brain barrier: an in vitro and in vivo study" actually puts a little table with your potentials, here a cut and paste for you:
Table 2. Physicochemical characteristics of non-PEGylated and PEGylated rGO.
Samples Size (nm…
"PEGylation of reduced graphene oxide induces toxicity in cells of the blood-brain barrier: an in vitro and in vivo study" actually puts a little table with your potentials, here a cut and paste for you:
Table 2. Physicochemical characteristics of non-PEGylated and PEGylated rGO.
"A comparison of zeta potential revealed that the charge associated with the non-
PEG rGO had a greater negative zeta potential (−25 ± 0.18 mV) than the PEGylated rGO (-4.2 ± 3.8 mV). This suggests the existence of positive amino-ended branches, resulting in a lesser negative electrostatic charge for PEGylated rGO than rGO (Vila et al. 2012). The PEGylation of rGO leads to a decrease in PDI values (0.56 ± 0.03 to 0.39 ± 0.04), resulting in the diminished polydispersity of particles, probably due to a lower susceptibility to aggregate formation.
A significant increase in size, from 342 ± 23.5 nm up to 910 ± 32.7 nm, was
found after PEGylation. Although this increase offers evidence for the PEGylation of
nanoparticles, confirmation of the attachment of PEG to rGO is essential."
The PEG2000 in the shots is rather large, but still 3x smaller than the size used in this paper, thus these rGO+PEG clusters would be smaller in comparison to these sizes mentioned here.
Thank you for this. When I read through the lease expires or EMA papers, I was able to find some information on the zeta potential of the lipid nano particles, but I was never subsequently able to find anything on the zeta potential of the spike protein, the Covid virus, or graphene oxide. With the spike protein, we instead did the next best thing which was to compare the density of positive charge groups, is that normally lines up with how something will affect Zeta potential. Overall, for the lipid nano particles to do their job, they could not have a negative charge because that would've prevented them from being able to enter negatively charge cells, but the same time they also needed to remain dispersed from each other so they did not agglomerate together once injected.
If you wanna come across any more papers that specific roles of anything related to these things, please send them my way.
just started to learn little bit about colloidal solutions. The zeta potential has no meaning if you do not know the pH, ion concentration surrounding the colloids. The nanos in the injection materials are known to behave differently at different pH values. Supposedly they are neutral in the vials but aquire strong positive charge when entering the body at the physiological pH, thus literally bombarding, punching holes and going through the negatively charged cells walls.
these are STATIC quantities, always connected to the 3D geometry of charge distribution inside of the entire object. It moves with it or changes when the shape is changing. For that post I calculated the Spike dipole moment and showed there that it is exactly directed toward the 3-meric axis of the complex which enters the cell membrane. It is like a needle punching the hole in the already hugely charged lipid bilayers of every normal cell.
The charges inside of the Spike are the key, in my opinion.
that is really interesting. I wonder if something that suited to the task could have formed naturally...
I also wonder how having focused linear areas of high charge densities affects zeta potential because in the past I've always looked at the cation being symetrical/spherical in its effect.
Thank you. That paper I just mentioned:
"PEGylation of reduced graphene oxide induces toxicity in cells of the blood-brain barrier: an in vitro and in vivo study" actually puts a little table with your potentials, here a cut and paste for you:
Table 2. Physicochemical characteristics of non-PEGylated and PEGylated rGO.
Samples Size (nm) Zeta potential (mV) PDI
Non-PEGylated rGO 342 ± 23.5 −25 ± 0.18 0.56 ± 0.03
PEGylated rGO 910 ± 32.7 -4.2 ± 3.8 0.39 ± 0.04
and a quote, in case you can't get this paper:
"A comparison of zeta potential revealed that the charge associated with the non-
PEG rGO had a greater negative zeta potential (−25 ± 0.18 mV) than the PEGylated rGO (-4.2 ± 3.8 mV). This suggests the existence of positive amino-ended branches, resulting in a lesser negative electrostatic charge for PEGylated rGO than rGO (Vila et al. 2012). The PEGylation of rGO leads to a decrease in PDI values (0.56 ± 0.03 to 0.39 ± 0.04), resulting in the diminished polydispersity of particles, probably due to a lower susceptibility to aggregate formation.
A significant increase in size, from 342 ± 23.5 nm up to 910 ± 32.7 nm, was
found after PEGylation. Although this increase offers evidence for the PEGylation of
nanoparticles, confirmation of the attachment of PEG to rGO is essential."
The PEG2000 in the shots is rather large, but still 3x smaller than the size used in this paper, thus these rGO+PEG clusters would be smaller in comparison to these sizes mentioned here.
Thank you for this. When I read through the lease expires or EMA papers, I was able to find some information on the zeta potential of the lipid nano particles, but I was never subsequently able to find anything on the zeta potential of the spike protein, the Covid virus, or graphene oxide. With the spike protein, we instead did the next best thing which was to compare the density of positive charge groups, is that normally lines up with how something will affect Zeta potential. Overall, for the lipid nano particles to do their job, they could not have a negative charge because that would've prevented them from being able to enter negatively charge cells, but the same time they also needed to remain dispersed from each other so they did not agglomerate together once injected.
If you wanna come across any more papers that specific roles of anything related to these things, please send them my way.
just started to learn little bit about colloidal solutions. The zeta potential has no meaning if you do not know the pH, ion concentration surrounding the colloids. The nanos in the injection materials are known to behave differently at different pH values. Supposedly they are neutral in the vials but aquire strong positive charge when entering the body at the physiological pH, thus literally bombarding, punching holes and going through the negatively charged cells walls.
Yup it's a very complicated subject.
yes, it is. I look lot into dipole moments of macromolecules and gave a small intro in:
https://mejbcart.substack.com/p/sars-cov-2-spike-protein-5g-and-covid19
these are STATIC quantities, always connected to the 3D geometry of charge distribution inside of the entire object. It moves with it or changes when the shape is changing. For that post I calculated the Spike dipole moment and showed there that it is exactly directed toward the 3-meric axis of the complex which enters the cell membrane. It is like a needle punching the hole in the already hugely charged lipid bilayers of every normal cell.
The charges inside of the Spike are the key, in my opinion.
that is really interesting. I wonder if something that suited to the task could have formed naturally...
I also wonder how having focused linear areas of high charge densities affects zeta potential because in the past I've always looked at the cation being symetrical/spherical in its effect.
Out of curiosity, what is your background?
This is strange, substack erased all my personal info... Under my newsletter there was always that info, but no more now., just wonder why??:
Anyway my fields are, or better, were..:
physics/biophysics, macromolecular crystallography with bioinformatics, synchrotron instumentation...
In regard to ionic shapes, look at the molecular orbitals, there are rarely spherical..